9 research outputs found
The ELM Neuron: an Efficient and Expressive Cortical Neuron Model Can Solve Long-Horizon Tasks
Traditional large-scale neuroscience models and machine learning utilize
simplified models of individual neurons, relying on collective activity and
properly adjusted connections to perform complex computations. However, each
biological cortical neuron is inherently a sophisticated computational device,
as corroborated in a recent study where it took a deep artificial neural
network with millions of parameters to replicate the input-output relationship
of a detailed biophysical model of a cortical pyramidal neuron. We question the
necessity for these many parameters and introduce the Expressive Leaky Memory
(ELM) neuron, a biologically inspired, computationally expressive, yet
efficient model of a cortical neuron. Remarkably, our ELM neuron requires only
8K trainable parameters to match the aforementioned input-output relationship
accurately. We find that an accurate model necessitates multiple memory-like
hidden states and intricate nonlinear synaptic integration. To assess the
computational ramifications of this design, we evaluate the ELM neuron on
various tasks with demanding temporal structures, including a sequential
version of the CIFAR-10 classification task, the challenging Pathfinder-X task,
and a new dataset based on the Spiking Heidelberg Digits dataset. Our ELM
neuron outperforms most transformer-based models on the Pathfinder-X task with
77% accuracy, demonstrates competitive performance on Sequential CIFAR-10, and
superior performance compared to classic LSTM models on the variant of the
Spiking Heidelberg Digits dataset. These findings indicate a potential for
biologically motivated, computationally efficient neuronal models to enhance
performance in challenging machine learning tasks.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures, 9 tables, submitted to NeurIPS 202
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The Redshift Evolution of the Mean Temperature, Pressure, and Entropy Profiles in 80 SPT-Selected Galaxy Clusters
We present the results of an X-ray analysis of 80 galaxy clusters selected in the 2500 deg2 South Pole Telescope survey and observed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We divide the full sample into subsamples of âŒ20 clusters based on redshift and central density, performing a joint X-ray spectral fit to all clusters in a subsample simultaneously, assuming self-similarity of the temperature profile. This approach allows us to constrain the shape of the temperature profile over 0 R500) regions than their low-z (0.3 < z < 0.6) counterparts. Combining the average temperature profile with measured gas density profiles from our earlier work, we infer the average pressure and entropy profiles for each subsample. Confirming earlier results from this data set, we find an absence of strong cool cores at high z, manifested in this analysis as a significantly lower observed pressure in the central 0.1R500 of the high-z cool-core subset of clusters compared to the low-z cool-core subset. Overall, our observed pressure profiles agree well with earlier lower-redshift measurements, suggesting minimal redshift evolution in the pressure profile outside of the core. We find no measurable redshift evolution in the entropy profile at r . 0.7R500 â this may reflect a long-standing balance between cooling and feedback over long timescales and large physical scales. We observe a slight flattening of the entropy profile at r & R500 in our high-z subsample. This flattening is consistent with a temperature bias due to the enhanced (âŒ3Ă) rate at which group-mass (âŒ2 keV) halos, which would go undetected at our survey depth, are accreting onto the cluster at z ⌠1. This work demonstrates a powerful method for inferring spatially-resolved cluster properties in the case where individual cluster signal-to-noise is low, but the number of observed clusters is high.Physic
Sinuous-Antenna coupled TES bolometers for Cosmic Microwave Background Polarimetry
We are developing antennaâcoupled TES bolometers for CMB polarimetry that receive both linear polarizations over nearly two octaves of bandwidth. This ultraâwide bandwidth is achieved with a novel adaptation of the sinuous antenna that integrates microstrip feedâlines onto the arms of the antenna and uses a contacting extended hemispherical lens to focus the beam. It is challenging to achieve desirable antenna performance over such a wide band and our version of the sinuous antenna offers a unique solution. We have integrated this antenna with TESâbolometers and report on a series of optical tests that demonstrate the antenna beamsâs high symmetry, crossâpolarization rejection, gain, and optical efficiency over the operating band
Further Optimization of the APEX-SZ TES Bolometer Array
We describe the recent reoptimization of the detector array in the APEXâSZ receiver, which is currently operating at the APEX telescope in Chile. APEXâSZ is designed to image the Sunyaev Zelâdovich effect (SZE). Observations are made in a single spectral band centered on 150 GHz, which is where the decrement of the SZE peaks. The APEXâSZ transitionâedge sensor bolometers are microâfabricated in six 55âelement sub arrays, which combine to form the full 330âelement focal plane operating at 280 mK. We report on the newest generation of subâarrays that use a λâ4 siliconâfilled backshort. Compared to the first generation array which used a 3λâ4 backshort, the new arrays have a broader bandwidth and an increased optical efficiency. We present spectral bandpass and efficiency measurements and compare these to electromagnetic simulations of the bolometer absorption. The overall improvement in optical coupling reduces the noise equivalent temperature (NET) of each bolometer by a factor of approximately 1.5. Several galaxy clusters have been observed using the new detectors and analysis of the data is currently underway. We also present plans for future upgrades to the receive
SPT-SZ: a Sunyaev-ZePdovich survey for galaxy clusters
The SPTâSZ is, currently, the most powerful instrument for detecting galaxy clusters through the SunyaevâZelâdovich (SZ) effect. The SPTâSZ focal plane consists of over 700 background limited TES spiderweb bolometers observing in three different pass bands (90 GHz, 150 GHz, and 220 GHz) readout by a frequency domain SQUID multiplexer. Together with the 10âm South Pole Telescope, SPTâSZ has realized exceptional sensitivity at arcminute resolution over a one degree field of view and is the first instrument to discover new galaxy clusters through the SZ effect. We will discuss the SPTâSZ design and deployment, present initial results from the first two seasons, and outline future survey plan